Based on the historical changes of Gannan navel orange industry upgrading in Jiangxi Province, this paper uses time clues to analyze the evolution process of Gannan navel orange factor endowment changes and industrial upgrading in three stages. Using the single-case study method, from the change of factor endowment to the change of industrial upgrading, we further analyze the driving force behind the change of factor endowment and industrial upgrading from the effective market and promising government, and focus on the analysis of the local government’s role in promoting Gannan Promising points in the development of the navel orange industry. The upgrading of Gannan navel orange industry has gone through from self-sufficiency in agriculture to emerging in industry and finally to the integrated development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries. By summarizing the development model of Gannan navel orange industry, a characteristic agricultural development path with reference significance was extracted. Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China’s rural areas have undergone earth-shaking changes. The income level and quality of life of farmers have been continuously improved, but the contradictions of unbalanced and insufficient development are still the most prominent in rural areas. On January 2, 2018, the “Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on the Implementation of the Rural Revitalization Strategy” pointed out that industrial prosperity is the focus of the rural revitalization strategy. Industrial integration development system. [1] Based on location advantages, resource advantages, environmental advantages and technological advantages, people develop characteristic agriculture according to market needs and social needs. [2] This is one of the paths for many rural areas to achieve poverty alleviation at this stage. What is the path for the realization of characteristic agriculture of “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets”? What role can the government play in it? The existing literature mainly discusses government behavior from a static perspective, and pays less attention to the dynamic behavior of the government to support the development of characteristic agriculture due to time and situation from the historical perspective of the transformation and upgrading of characteristic agricultural industries. In view of this, the author attempts to stand from the perspective of historical logic and practical logic, based on the theoretical basis of new structural economics, to investigate the history of Jiangxi Gannan navel orange industry development, and to analyze the “promising” characteristics of local governments and their market mechanisms to jointly promote Gannan navel oranges. The developed industrial development model provides a path for reference for the development of more characteristic agriculture in mountainous areas. This paper mainly analyzes three contents: first, to clarify the historical changes of factor endowment and industrial upgrading in the three development stages of Gannan navel orange; second, to explore the endogenous mechanism between factor endowment and industrial upgrading; third, to summarize the development of Gannan navel orange industry Development path, extracting a characteristic agricultural development path that can be used for reference. 1. The Analytical Framework of Government Promising, Market Effective and Characteristic Agricultural Development Mechanisms Many scholars have conducted in-depth research on agricultural development. Schultz proposed that to transform traditional agriculture, it is necessary to introduce new production factors, from traditional factors to modern factors, in order to meet the needs of agricultural production. New factors of production require government investment and adequate public services to deal with socialization risks. And new production factors will not be automatically accepted by farmers. Human capital investment is the key to transforming traditional agriculture. [3] Huang Zongzhi believes that the driving force of China’s agricultural revolution was mainly due to the shift from low-value grain production to the production of more and more high-value meat and (high-grade) vegetables and fruits, and this change was driven by the Chinese people. Driven by historic food consumption. After absorbing the views of Chayanov and Schultz, Huang Zongzhi also believed that China’s agricultural development needs to realize the vertical integration of “production-plus-sales” and “trade-industry-agriculture”. [4] Starting from the demand side, Huang Zongzhi mainly explores the question of “what to plant” in the promotion of agricultural development due to the upgrading of demand, and seldom explores the internal driving force that promotes agricultural development. Schultz studies the transformation and upgrading of traditional production factors into modern factors from the supply side, emphasizing the importance of government support and human capital, but less attention is paid to what role the government and the market play in promoting the upgrading of agricultural factor endowments at different stages of development. Labor productivity is the core of industrial upgrading. David Ricardo put forward the comparative advantage trade theory based on the difference of labor productivity,[5] but Lin Yifu, Cai Fang and Li Zhou believed that Ricardo did not answer the root of labor productivity difference. [6] 100 years later, Swedish scholars Heckscher and Ohlin believed that the relative differences in factor endowments among countries and the differences in the intensity of using these factors in the production of various commodities revealed differences in labor productivity and constituted a new International trade theory, but Lin Yifu and others believe that this theory does not reveal the origin of industrial development and trade between domestic regions. Justin Yifu Lin pointed out that the development of the industry must follow the comparative advantage determined by the factor endowment structure. The upgrading of the factor endowment structure will promote the upgrading of the industrial structure, and the factor endowment and its structure are taken as the starting point to explore the industrial development of a region. [7] Rural areas can develop characteristic agriculture by continuously adjusting the factor endowments of agricultural production and giving full play to their comparative advantages. Liu Zhimin believes that the development of characteristic agriculture should turn comparative advantages into competitive advantages, focusing on technological and conceptual innovation, and the ultimate goal is to realize the industrialization of characteristic agriculture. [8] Through the means of market, capital, science and technology, policy, etc., fully improve the production efficiency of land, and take a technology-intensive and capital-intensive modern agricultural development path. [9] Domestic scholars have conducted different researches on factor endowment and agricultural development. Wei Jinyi and others proposed that factor endowment conditions are the fundamental constraints of agricultural development, and technological progress is a huge driving force for the transformation of my country’s agricultural development mode. [10] Luo Haoxuan studies the internal mechanism of the change of agricultural factor endowment structure from the difference of China’s regional structure. [11] Wu Lili and others studied the impact of factor endowment changes on the choice of growth path for China’s agricultural development. [12] Ren Xiuxia studies the three-dimensional mechanism of characteristic agricultural development from three aspects: system innovation, technological progress, and market reform. [13] The socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics is an economy that integrates a promising government and an efficient market. [14] The government needs to undertake the bottom-up functions in the development of agriculture and rural areas, and the government is the ultimate supplement of market and social forces in the development of agriculture and rural areas. [15]14 The market and local governments play a special role in the formation of specialized villages. [16] Therefore, the efficient market and the promising government should be coupled, influenced and promoted each other. Justin Yifu Lin put forward the view of efficient market and promising government. New structural economics advocates that we should not only pay attention to the decisive role of the market, but also give full play to the government’s guiding role in accordance with the situation. Governments rely on efficient markets. The view of new structural economics overcomes the traditional economics view of competition and difficult coordination between the market and the government, and achieves a major breakthrough in theory. Youwei government takes advantage of the situation to solve the difficult problem of software and hardware infrastructure coordination in the market, and aims to promote the formation of an efficient market and improve the efficiency of resource allocation. Combining the comparative advantage theory determined by the element endowment structure of new structural economics and the interaction mechanism of promising government and effective market, this paper constructs the analysis of the coordinated promotion of characteristic agriculture by the government and the market as shown in Figure 1 from the perspective of historical changes. framework to explore the relationship between characteristic agricultural development and government. The first level: the observable performance of the transformation and upgrading of characteristic agriculture. The development of characteristic agriculture is an effective way to promote the structural reform of my country’s agricultural supply side, optimize the rural industrial structure and transform the agricultural development model. [18] At the same time, the integrated development of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries in rural areas is also an inevitable requirement for the transformation and upgrading of the rural economy. [19] An industry can examine its performance in different historical periods from five aspects: industrial scale, division of labor on the industrial chain, industrial organizational structure, industrial technology and its industrial efficiency, and obtain the historical facts of industrial transformation and upgrading. The second level: the government and market mechanism for upgrading the factor endowment structure. Only when the functions of the government and the role of the market change simultaneously can the government and the market become the two major driving forces for economic and social development, thereby promoting the upgrading of agricultural factor endowments. [20] In order to construct the two synergistic mechanisms of the market and the government for the upgrading of characteristic agricultural factor endowments and the boundary of the government’s promising, we should first diagnose whether the nature of the development dilemma of characteristic agriculture is a common or individual problem. The new elements required by the personality dilemma are generally handed over to individual market economic organizations to solve the element upgrade through the market mechanism. The new elements needed for the common dilemma are generally handed over to the government to solve the element upgrade through mechanisms such as coordination, reform, and purchase of public services. In the new development stage of characteristic agriculture, agricultural economic organizations will encounter problems that are difficult to coordinate, such as land transfer, prevention and control of pests and diseases, etc., in order to solve the difficulties for the government and promote the improvement of the public factor endowment of characteristic agriculture, it is necessary to continuously optimize local governments to promote agriculture The role of transformation and upgrading. [21] Under the conditions of an efficient market, rational agricultural economic organizations, under the guidance of factor price signals, adopt optimal production methods to promote the upgrading of their own factors. The government can effectively identify the coordination problems in the process of industrial upgrading and solve them according to the situation, promote the upgrading of the public elements and systems of the characteristic agricultural industry, realize the effectiveness of the market, and further enhance the viability of agricultural economic organizations.
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